Adding a Method

Refer Here

Multiple Inheritance

• Sample

class Animal:
    def says(self):
        return 'I speak!'

class Horse(Animal):
    def says(self):
        return 'Neigh............'

class Donkey(Animal):
    def says(self):
        return 'Hee-haw.............'

class Mule(Donkey, Horse):
    pass

class Hinny(Horse, Donkey):
    pass

a1 = Animal()
print(a1.says())

h1 = Horse()
print(h1.says())

d1 = Donkey()
print(d1.says())

m1 = Mule()
print(m1.says())

h1 = Hinny()
print(h1.says())

• If we look for the method or attribute of Mule, Python will look at the following things in the order

  • The object itself of type Mule
  • The object’s class (Mule)
  • The class’s first parent (Donkey)
  • The class’s second parent (Horse)
  • The grand parent class.

• Python has a special magical attribute __mro__ which will display the method resolution order for a class

• Refer Here for the example used

Attribute Access

• In Python, object attributes and methods are normally public and you are expected to behave yourself (this is called as ‘consenting adults’ policy’ )

class Dog:
    def __init__(self, dog_name):
        self.hidden_name = dog_name

    @property
    def name(self):
        return self.hidden_name
        
    @name.setter
    def name(self, dog_name):
        self.hidden_name = dog_name

• Name Mangling for privacy: Python has a naming convention for attributes that should not be visible outside of class definition, begin with two underscores (__)
• We need to replace hidden_name with __name
• In python we use the following conventions for attributes

__<attribute name>  ==> Private 
_<attribute> ==> Protected

• Refer Here for the python notebook

Polymorphism

• Polymorphism is an ability of object to take many forms

• Look at the following class Diagram

• Sample code

circle = Circle()
triangle = Triangle()

def print_area(shape):
    print(f"Area is {shape.area()}")

Duck Typing

• Python is a dynamic languages.
• Duck typing is from the phrase

if it looks like duck and quacks like duck its a duck

• Example

class Shape():
    def area(self):
        return 0

    
class Rectangle(Shape):
    def __init__(self, length, breadth):
        self.__length = length
        self.__breadth = breadth
        

    def area(self):
        return self.__breadth * self.__length


class Circle(Shape):
    def __init__(self, radius):
        self.__radius = radius

    def area(self):
        import math
        return math.pi * (self.__radius ** 2)

class Lion:
    def area(self):
        return "jungle"


def print_area(shape):
    print(f"area is {shape.area()}")

c1 = Circle(radius=1)
print_area(c1)

r1 = Rectangle(length=1, breadth=1)
print_area(r1)

l1 = Lion()
print_area(l1)